The large majority of the population of China and India  also are in favor of the use of modern biotechnology for both human diseases and pest-resistant crops, while the European countries are much more in favor of the use of modern biotechnology for human diseases than for food and agriculture. Some developing countries are considering the commercialization of genetically modified crops but they have been warned by the European Union that they may lose the European market not only for the commodities that have been genetically modified but possibly also for those that have not been genetically modified. This situation happened for vegetables with Africa exporter countries and seems to be also relevant with India government decision respecting Bt-eggplant. Developing countries who might wish to use genetic modification to improve agricultural productivity and nutritional qualities of their foods might therefore be faced with a choice between doing so for the domestic market while losing export opportunities or foregoing the potential benefits to its own people while maintaining export opportunities.One could argue that the European consumer has gained a great deal of political power over agriculture in her capacity as a consumer, while still agreeing to provide large subsidies to agriculture in her capacity as a taxpayer.The possibility that the application of modern biotechnology in European agriculture could reduce the need for farm subsidies does not seem to enter into the European debate. To the extent this potential contradiction has been considered by consumers and governments, the conclusion seems to be that consumers prefer to pay farmers not to produce genetically modified food either through additional subsidies or through high food prices, at least until now. Such a contradiction is not prevalent in the United States and Canada.The great opposition made by advocacy groups mainly in Europe and Japan to transgenic crops about food safety and possible health problems is denied by scientific data and various international and national organizations worldwide.

The objective of this appraisal has been to determine whether the transgenic crop is as safe as its conventional counterpart before transgenic modification. For this purpose, scientific data are provided to be reasonably confident that it will not damage consumers’ health. Several organizations have stated that transgenic crops approved for commercialization, hydroponic net pots do not pose more risk to human health than conventional crops. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , the Royal Society of London, the US National Academy of Sciences, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Indian National Science Academy, the Mexican Academy of Sciences and the Third World Academy of Sciences , the World Health Organization , the American College of Nutrition , the American Society of Toxicology, the British Medical Association,and the Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities , among others, have stated that transgenic crops approved for commercialization, do not pose more risk to human health than conventional crops, and they should be considered as safe as conventional ones.The World has witnessed a steady increase of transgenic crop area in the last 18 years. The potential impacts on human and animal health have been subject to extensive research, and no evidence has been found against transgenic crops. Some people, however continue to argue the potential long-term risks but without indicating what those risk maybe. Recently, the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Germany and partners  issued the report “Biological and Ecological Evaluation towards Long-term Effects”  with the aim of providing scientific data to the European Commission. The BEETLE report reviewed in excess of 100 publications and consulted 52 experts in health issues to assess the possible long-term effect of transgenic crops on the health of consumers and the environment. This report concluded that so far, no adverse effects to human health from eating GM food have been found. The report further stated that although unexpected negative effects are known in conventional crops, none has yet been detected in transgenic crops. The report concludes that there is a negligible probability for adverse effects to consumers’ health in the long term. Photovoltaic water pumping system is ideal in remote locations where grid electricity does not exist. All you have to do is to setup the solar system and it operates on solar power, free of charge, on its own.Solar pumps are powered by photovoltaic panels and the flow rate is determined by the intensity of the sunlight.Solar panels have no moving parts, and most have a warranty of at least 20 years.

The majority of Rwandan population relies on agricultural activities. In the last years, Rwanda has been facing the problem of climate change resulting into changes in seasons, hence affecting farmers. This has been affecting the overall economy of the country due to lack of enough crop production. The use of solar pumping system for irrigation during dry seasons can be the best alternative way to overcome this problem.Irrigation is not new to Rwanda. Farmers have been traditionally practicing rice irrigation by lowering the ground water in marshlands through digging drains and creating unsaturated zones between the drains using heaped excavated soil. Onion is a consumer product in Senegal and imports represent 57% of vegetable volumes.In the Sudano-Sahelianzone, Senegal is one of the main producers, behind Niger, Ethiopia and Sudan .National requirements are estimated at 300,000 tons per year. In 2012, production is estimated at 210,000 tons and imports at 123,350 tons . Nearly half of this production comes from the Gandiolais,located 30 km south of Saint-Louis, where the soil is infested by Pyrenochaetaterrestris Gorentz, Walker and Larson. This soil fungus is responsible for the pink root disease of the onion, which is spreading gradually in other areas of the “Niayes”. Studies on the disease, conducted in the Gandiolais, have shown low productivity of nurseries and a high heterogeneity in the stand .Pink root symptoms are common in onion fields, especially in old nurseries, andon soils poor in organic matter.Pyrenochaeta terrestris infected plants often have a reduction in growth andmay die. Bulb quality and yields are also affected.Laboratory and field results showed tolerance of Pyrenochaeta terrestris toBenomyl, Iprodione and Procymidone fungicides, whereas they were effective against Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis allii , respectively responsible for basalrot and collar rot   showed that the treatment of onion plants by the fungicide Basamid , favored their vegetable development.According to , products based on Azadirachta indica act as an insecticide,fungicide and antiviral. Cited Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Caricapapaya as fungicides. Cassia alata and Crotolaria retusa are also reported as fungicides by .The results obtained on the action of these natural fungicides and of synthesis deserve to be deepened. Thus the effects of some of them as well as others are sought, on the pink root disease, on soil infested by the pathogen.The objective of this study is to find natural fungicides effective against pink root disease of onions in the nursery. In all treatments, the rate of emergence is higher than 60%, except for Cassiaalata and Crotoloria retusa , which have the lowest rates. The best rates  are obtained with Pelt 44, Carbendazime, untreated control and Azadirachtaindica . Other treatments Carica papaya and Moringa oleifera have intermediate lifting rates. For survival, those of Crotolaria retusa and Cassia alata are the lowest, the highest are obtained respectively with the untreated control, Pelt44, Azadirachta indica and Carbendazime. The other treatments gave intermediate values varying between 47.01%  and 74.24% .For the infestation rate, the untreated control had the highest rate ,which means that more than half of the plants are infected. Crotolaria retusa and Cassia alata , which have low survival and survival rates and infestation rates of 21.87% and 18.27% respectively, blueberry grow pot give the following explanations for these contradictory results: The few plants that remained Live at the end of the nursery are because they are very little infested or not at all infested. If the percentage of infestation is calculated from this small number, the rate of infestation will below while the real rate is high, and it is this rate that has resulted in the low survival rate. For the control that has the highest infestation rate, this is due to the total lack of treatment.

It should be noted, however, that this infestation did not result in high mortality in the nursery. The incidence of this high infestation could be seen in the open fields, as it would be a second stress in addition to that due to transplanting, resulting in a high probable mortality after transplantation. Indeed, plants infested with P. terrestris , if they do not die, often have a reduction in growth. This is not however confirmed by  which showed a 13% efficiency of Trichoderma applied to onion. The rate of infestation of P. terrestris is 33% compared to 46% for the control. However, this improvement in onion resistance results in a loss of bulb yields due to Trichoderma :169 g per bulb and 70.9 t/ha for the control against 212 g of bulb and 80.9 t/hafor Trichoderma . Other Pelt 44, Carbendazime, Azadirachta indica , Carica papaya and Moringa oleifera treatments that have high survival and survival rates and low infestation rates are also useful to control the incidence of the disease in the nursery .Our results with synthetic fungicides are comparable to those of , which showed that Basamid  favors the vegetative development of onion plants on soil treated with this fungicide.In the case of Azadirachta indica , Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya , their fungicidal effect was cited by . The fungicidal properties of Cassia alata and Crotolaria retusa were studied by . In view of the results obtained during these various experiments, we find that plants with a fungicidal effect could be very useful for the protection of crops against certain enemies. However, beyond its fungicidal aspects, Azadirachta indica would also have insecticidal actions.These are confirmed by   on two Cabbage Lepidoptera  and on the mealybug  of pineapple,respectively. Rabbiteye blueberries  are the most prominent and the best adapted of the blueberry varieties for cultivation in the southeastern United States. Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas grow rabbiteye blueberry almost exclusively. Rabbiteye blueberries are native to the Southeast, tolerant to heat and droughts, more resistant to diseases and insects, grow on a wide range of soils, provide abundant yields, sweet fruit with excellent firmness, and a longer shelf life than other blueberry species . Rabbiteye blueberry bushes can grow to a height of 10 feet or more, have high vigor, and produce small to medium-large berries ranging from black to light blue . Commercial rabbiteye yields typically range from2,270 to 3,630 kg/acre on well-maintained fields, sometimes reaching as hig has 4,535 kg/acre, and a blueberry orchard can continue to be productive for 30years or more .Rabbiteye blueberries are historically an important commercial crop for Alabama,and many farms produce rabbiteye blueberries for sale in the fresh market either exclusively, or as a supplemental crop . The USDA ESMIS reports that in 2012 Alabama ranked 13 in the nation by farm-gate value of blueberry production. Essentially 100% of the blueberries currently produced in Alabamaare sold in the fresh market . In Alabama, 310 acres were harvested in 1998,yielding 730 kg/acre. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, over the next decade, there was only a 3% increase in harvested acreage, buta 71% increase in yield per acre in Alabama. The blueberry acreage almost doubled by 2009, when an additional 275 acres were established in the Dothan area alone . Alabama farm gate value for blueberries has increased in the same time period by approximately 13% .Public interest has likely aided this increase in demand and production due to the increased reports of the fruit’s health benefits. Blueberries contain vitamins A, C, and E, as well as carbohydrates, protein, fiber, and fat, and also contain organic acids and polyphenolic substances including chlorogenic, citric,malic, quinic, acetic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and shikimic acids . According toDruice and Percival , the combinations of these organic compounds give blueberries the highest oxygen radical absorbency capacity of over forty commercially available fruits and vegetables.

The nutraceutical compounds in blueberries have been linked to a number of health benefits, such their capability to reduce blood sugar, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Blueberries also have antiallergenic, anti-viral and antiproliferative activities , and they have been found to have a protective effect against diabetes, stroke, lung and stomach cancers. Additional health benefits of blueberries are their effect on reducing the loss of age-related motor skills and memory, and improving urinary tract and visual health.Cultivation of rabbiteye blueberries began in 1940 with a cooperative effort between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the University of Georgia, and North Carolina State University. Superior selections from the wild were inter crossed, and thorough seedling screening was performed . The first cultivars were released in 1950 , but the planting of cultivated blueberries was initially slow in North America . Early cultivars tended to have fruit that were nearly black, with a poor taste, and large seeds, but have since been replaced by improved varieties .A narrow gene pool plagues rabbiteye breeding, as nearly all of the nucleargenes originate from four selections: “Myers”, “Black Giant”, “Ethel”, and “Clara”. Inbreeding has been used to promote desirable traits, but has resulted in the loss of vigor and fruit weight . In addition, narrower germplasms increase the risk of reduced pest/disease resistance, and efforts are currently being made in breeding programs to widen the germplasm of Vaccinium species but increased efforts are needed .Currently, Florida, Georgia, Texas, North Carolina, and Mississippi all have active rabbiteye blueberry breeding programs aimed largely at producing early ripening, low hilling, high yielding cultivars .