The analysis indicates that such a large reservoir acts as a potential evaporating surface that decreases the local surface temperature, and cools the entire atmospheric column, decreasing upward motion, resulting in sinking air. This sinking air mass causes low level moisture divergence, decreases cloudiness, and increases net downward radiation, which tends to increase the surface temperature. However, the evaporative cooling dominates radiative heating, and resulting in a net decrease in surface and 2 m air temperature. The strong evaporation pumps moisture into the atmosphere, which suggests an increase in precipitation, but the moisture divergence moves this away from the TGD region with no net change in precipitation. The two processes, increased latent heating with surface cooling, and decreased cloudiness with increased downward solar radiation, are opposing feed backs that are dominated here by the area-mean surface cooling effect. It is not clear if this holds true for other times of the year when the mean Tmax is lower and cloudiness may be higher. Furthermore, the impacts on the local monsoon flow, precipitation intensity, and frequency, have not been studied in this initial investigation. However, these relative changes are significant and will likely have an impact on local ecosystems, agriculture, energy, and the population. Simulations at 10km are not sufficiently fine enough to determine the full extent of this sensitivity and, hence, 1 km multi-year simulations will be needed. Amagnetic vortex state1,2 is a ground state of a magnetic nanostructure that consists of a perpendicularly magnetized core and in-plane curling magnetizations around the core . Because of its importance in fundamental physics, research on the vortex state is an important emerging topic in magnetism studies and it has a high potential for application in high-density data storage devices. A magnetic vortex state is energetically fourfold degenerated, which is determined by its polarity and chirality,vertical grow where the polarity refers to the perpendicular direction of the core magnetization, pcore and the chirality,c, refers to the curling direction of the in-plane magnetization .

Obviously, the success of a magnetic vortex device will critically depend on the question of how to control the vortex polarity and chirality effectively. Much effort has been invested recently in developing various methods for reversing the vortex polarity and chirality with a low magnetic field. While the chirality can be reversed easily with a weak field of ,50 mT , the magnetic field required to reverse the vortex core is on the order of 500 mT, which is too large for practical use in device applications. To reduce the vortex core-reversal field, an alternative approach used a dynamic field. A promising result is also reported for an AC oscillating magnetic field set at the vortex resonance frequency, so that the vortex excitation could assist its polarity reversal. A representative example of such an approach is the vortex gyration excitation, in which the vortex core exhibits a spiral motion as an AC magnetic field is tuned on at the gyration eigen frequency. Core switching occurs subsequently through vortex–antivortex creation and annihilation6 as the core’s moving speed exceeds a critical value. The core reversal field can be reduced in such a manner to values far below 10 mT . However, this method contains a fundamental problem for applications. After the core reversal and turning off the field, the core gyration exponentially decays to its initial position. The decay radius is comparable to the lateral size of the sample and the relaxation takes a few hundred nanoseconds. This is a severe obstacle to reading the polarity. Recently, Wang and Dong and Yoo et al. found a new method of vortex core flip from numerical simulation. They demonstrated that the vortex core polarity could be switched in a radial excitation mode by a perpendicular AC magnetic field. In contrast to the gyration mode-assisted switching, which involves the vortex core motion, the radial mode-assisted core switching involves only axial symmetric oscillations, thus preserving the vortex core position. Obviously, the radial mode-assisted core switching has a completely different mechanism from the gyration mode-assisted core switching. The underlying mechanism of the radial mode-assisted core switching was not clearly shown by the simulation.

The critical field obtained by the radial mode in these studies is of the order of 20 mT , larger than the gyration mode-assisted core reversal. In this work, we studied the underlying mechanism of the radial mode oscillation and outlined a new pathway to reduce the core switching field further down to the mT range, which was more comparable to the critical field of the gyration-assisted core switching. In addition to micro-magnetic simulations, we also established a dynamical equation for the radial mode oscillation from the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. This equation clearly explores the nonlinear behavior of the radial mode and the critical field reduction. For direct comparison of the critical field reduction, the simulation structure was set as described by Yoo et al.. According to previous studies, the radial modes are classified by the node number n . The first mode has one node, the vortex core, which means that the magnetization does not oscillate temporally at the vortex core, but the other parts almost uniformly oscillate. The second mode has two nodes; one is the vortex core and the other a concentric circle. Yoo et al. studied the resonance frequency of the individual radial mode and obtained the eigen frequencies with the same sample structure as in this study: 10.7 GHz for the first mode , 15.2 GHz for the second mode , and 20.7 GHz for the third mode . They also showed the vortex core polarity reversal using the first mode with an oscillating external field of 20 mT. To reduce the radial mode-induced critical field below 10 mT, we stimulated the first mode of the radial oscillation with a different method; that is, sweeping of the external field frequency. The field was sinusoidal with amplitude of 9 mT and the field frequency f was slowly varied from 14.0 to 6.0 GHz over 40 ns. Figure 1b shows the magnetization oscillation during frequency sweeping with time. The normalized magnetization along the thickness direction mz and the external magnetic field, Hz, were plotted together. The term ,mz. means the spatial average over the entire disk. The magnetization oscillation has the same frequency despite the phase difference. From this oscillation, we can get the oscillation amplitude of magnetization, Iz, in the thickness direction, which is half the difference between the nearest maximum and minimum values of the ,mz. oscillation.

After reaching an external field frequency of 6.0 GHz, the frequency sweeping direction was reversed and f returned to 14.0 GHz. In Fig. 1c, Iz is shown as a function of f. It is interesting to note that an external field of 9 mT can reverse the vortex core polarity. In downward sweeping of the frequency,farming vertical the almost uniform magnetization oscillation was observed on the disk except for the core conserving its width . This uniform oscillation was maintained before Iz reached the maximum amplitude of 0.28 when f was 8.7 GHz. After reaching this critical amplitude, the uniform oscillation collapsed and converged into the disk center that generated a breathing motion of the core. Such a breathing generated a strong exchange field when the core was compressed, and then core polarization switching occurred. Amplitude fluctuations near 8.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz are transition effects discussed below. In contrast to downward sweeping, the upward frequency sweeping did not reach the amplitude of 0.28, so the vortex maintained its polarity. This means that one cycle of frequency sweeping generated one core reversal. It is notable that the amplitude obtained with the fixed-field frequencies was the same as the upward sweeping. The fixed-field frequency amplitudes were determined by amplitude saturation after turning on the external oscillating field. To reverse the core polarity with the upward sweeping oscillation and fixed frequency oscillation, a larger field was required for achieving the sufficient oscillation amplitude. From this sweeping frequency simulation, it was verified that the critical field was reduced to below 10 mT and this reduction was only observed in downward sweeping because of the hysteresis behavior of the frequency.We tested the scalability of the radial mode-induced core reversal. When the radius of the disk was 120 nm, the critical field obtained by the frequency sweeping method was 9.3 mT. The core of a disk with radius 250 nm reverses its polarity with 12 mT external field. Increasing the radius, the critical field also increases. This scalability is an important property for developing data storage devices. Contrary to the radial mode-induced polarity switching, the critical field with the gyration-induced polarity switching exhibits inverse radius dependence19 as well as the chirality reversal13. Finally, we point out the chaotic behavior and the phase commensurability in the radial mode oscillation for further studies. PetitWatelot et al. observed the chaos and phase-locking phenomenon in the vortex gyration with the core reversal31. We observed similar behavior in radial mode oscillation. It is expected that a nonlinear oscillator with a sufficiently large driving force would exhibit chaotic motion. We confirmed this chaotic behavior in the radial mode of the vortex. When the oscillating field strength was smaller than Hc, a plot of the variable with respect to its time derivative, for example v _mzw versus ,mz., showed a circular trajectory. But when the field was larger than Hc, this plot becomes complex in the phase space, which manifests its chaotic behavior. Figure 5 shows examples of the chaos in the radial mode. The frequency was fixed at 13.5 GHz. When H 5 60 mT , Hc , it showed a closed circular trajectory, but when H 5 90 mT . Hc the trajectory was not closed . Further increases in the field resulted in closed trajectories. However, the trajectories were not a simple circle. To close the trajectory, 14 cycles of field oscillation are needed and during these 14 cycles, the core reversed four times. In the case of H 5 120 mT, core reversal occurred twice in five field oscillations , implying that the core reversal rate was related to the chaotic behavior.

Thus, to describe the radial mode of vortex including its chaotic behavior, the core polarity-related term32 is needed in the motion equation. In summary, we studied the nonlinear resonance of the radial mode of the vortex and found that the oscillation mode corresponding to the Duffing-type nonlinear oscillator exhibited a hysteresis behavior with respect to the external field frequency. Through the hysteresis effect, we can achieve hidden amplitude that is almost double that obtained with fixed field frequency and this amplitude multiplication effect reduces the critical field below 10 mT. In addition, we pointed out the chaotic behavior of the radial mode for further studies. We think that to complete the study on vortex dynamics, it is timely to start research on the nonlinear behavior in radial modes, as well as in other oscillations of the magnetic vortex.Targeted protein degradation has emerged over the last two decades as a promising therapeutic strategy with advantages over conventional inhibition.Unlike inhibitors, which operate through occupancy-driven pharmacology, degraders can enable catalytic and durable knockdown of protein levels using event-driven pharmacology. Most degrader technologies, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras and immunomodulatory imide drugs, co-opt the ubiquitin proteasome system to degrade traditionally challenging proteins. Intracellular small molecule degraders have demonstrated success in targeting over 60 proteins and several are currently being tried in the clinic.However, due to their intracellular mechanism of action, these approaches are limited to targeting proteins with ligandable cytosolic domains. To expand targeted degradation to the cell surface and extracellular proteome, two recent lysosomal degradation platforms have been developed. One, lysosome targeting chimeras , utilizes IgG-glycan bioconjugates to co-opt lysosome shuttling receptors.LYTAC production requires complex chemical synthesis and in vitro bioconjugation of large glycans which are preferentially cleared in the liver, limiting the applicability of this platform. A second extracellular degradation platform, called antibody-based PROTACs , utilizes bispecific IgGs to hijack cell surface E3 ligases.Due to the dependence on intracellular ubiquitin transfer, AbTACs are limited to targeting cell surface proteins, leaving the secreted proteome undruggable. Thus, there remains a critical need to develop additional degradation technologies for extracellular proteins. Here, we have developed a novel targeted degradation platform, termed cytokine receptor targeting chimeras .