But had different results in Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa, where the majority of youth involved in agricultural activities were in the age bracket of 15 to 22years old. High involvement of youth above 20 years on-farm activities earns income to feed their families as most youths are married in the study areas.These findings also agreed with , who reported that rural youth families have long been directly and indirectly dependent on agriculture as a source of income for their livelihood.About 47.1% of youth who participated in agricultural activities were married.This conformed with the findings of . Contrarily with our findings, reported a high percentage of youth that are single and involved in agricultural activities and perceived that high percentage of single youth might be due to lack of job or just starting on a new job and they do not want to be distracted with other activities. Table 2 reveals that 52.9% of youth attained senior secondary education, 33% having post-matric, and 13.5% had primary education.

It is assumed that the more percentage of educated youth involved in different economic activities, flood and drain table there is likely to be more improvement in rural areas’ development challenges. In agreement with , 29.3% of youth interviewed were middle to matric, 26.7% were above matric, and 23.3% were up to primary education level. The present study’s findings negate results, finding that half  of the sampled youth had only attained primary education in Zambia. Contrary to our findings, reported that Somalia’s average family size was 5.9 people in a household. In general, family size differences may be attributed to the low level of family planning awareness in rural areas.Alternatively, many household members might be advantageous in providing labour to perform various agricultural activities.Our study also observed that more than 80% of the youth belong to families with a farming background, whereas only 11.5% belong to families with anon-farming experience. This implied that most youth might have gotten the inspiration to be involved in agriculture from their parents, who were also engaged in farming.

This is in line with findings that more than 80 % of Pakistan’s youth who participated in agriculture belong to families with farmback grounds.  reported that parent’s influence is considered an essential source of social capital.Table 2 revealed that 72.1% of youths had an annual family income level <R20.000 while 24% has an income within R20.000 – R50.000 and 3.8% had income above R50.000. In agreement with , who attributed that parent’s contribution income increases youth involvement in agriculture activities by 0.2 %.High participation of youth in households where parents earn income rather than agricultural activities might be due to advanced technology like tractors rather than animals for soil preparation. The majority of rural youth had been involved in agriculture for less than 5 years . Another 39.4% had between 5 – 10 years, rolling bench while the remaining8.7% had above 10 years of farming experience. It is assumed that youth lacking experience might not have access to funding as they are incompetent. In contrast, youth with more than 5 years of farming experience can set realistic goals and are more committed to various farming activities.

The overall average landholding per household in the study area was2.1 hectares . However, the average landholding per household varied among different gender, age group, farming enterprise, and family size. A significant proportion of land in the study area was allocated for homestead ,followed by crop and vegetable production  and rangelands . A possible reason for this might be due to an increase in the human population,unfavorable land tenure systems, and customary practices. The findings concurred with those reported by in Kenya, where the average farm size per household in 2010 was 2.1 ha.  Crop production in Nigeria is essentially rainfed. Agriculture is therefore heavily dependent on the seasonal characteristics of rainfall which has been shown to diminish in amount and duration as one move from the south to the northern part of the country. Current evidence clearly shows that rainfall variability is a real threat and that the need for action today cannot be ignored .