At university level, the action of volunteer students from the Faculty of Agronomy, UBA, as trainers in organizing and monitoring the production of home gardens in peri-urban settlements Escobar  stands out. Horticulturists belong to a low socioeconomic status and women play an important role in managing the orchards. The feminization of labor is an important factor, and training by university stakeholders has allowed convert them in protagonists and organizers in the neighborhoods. This can be seen in Feminist Anthropology and Gender, within what is known as the feminization of agriculture, especially in cases of intensive production. Women often take responsibility for family support and accept training and organizational tasks with pride and dedication . Student employment is a part of everyday life in a lot of countries in Europe. Students are often working within the institutions as tutors or student staff. At least here is a responsibility for the institution to give equal chances for women and men. Recruiting procedures should stick to the aim of reaching an equal number of male and female student staff in the institution. This is extremely important in positions, where jobs as student staff give an opportunity for further employment in the institution and an academic career . The fact of having to deal with a job in the real world is a complex moment for recent graduates, who sometimes doubt their real capacity to cope with a changing landscape.The signals of the employment system are complex, but many experts and stakeholders agree in the main directions for higher education: greater attention to generic competencies, social skills and personality development, prepare students for the growing globalization, using means beyond classroom teaching . Higher education must be well informed of the expectations of the outside world and respond to the need to prepare students for indeterminate future job tasks, new forms of employment, and to contribute to innovation in society.

The skills needed for particular position are constantly evolving so it must prepare graduates to be “trainable at work”. It should strengthen the professional nature of higher education programs, with general skills of students, especially in scenarios in which future training needs may still be unknown . Sustainable development involves new systems of thought,dutch bucket hydroponic which requires creativity and critical thinking. That is why plans to implement a methodology entrepreneur “role playing” which allows a search to develop a solution to a practical problem, approaching it from the point of view intellectual and emotional, with a technique of deliberate thought based on the separation of different types of thought and emotions are considered essential to the ability to think. This type of work is related to brain structure: the existence of the neocortex, rational brain, and the limbic system, also called midbrain portion of the brain immediately below the cerebral cortex. In humans, these are the centers of emotion, this is where the different emotions are processed. The methodology  is based on separate different aspects of thinking: information, emotion, negative-logical thoughts, optimism, creativity and control. This methodology has been applied in a graduate class in Environmental Management . It is an alternative to the western system of discussion, by creating roles for participants. Hats colors representing different types of thought to the participants, and there is a clear definition of the rules. The organization of work involved the following proposed sequence of hats: white -yellow -black -green -red -blue . The “Six Thinking Hats” allowed driving thought, expressing different opinions, deviate from the usual roles at any meeting and lead people to think in different ways on a given topic. This might be a desirable approach in the case of a group to study the environmental impact of a project, to discover positive and negative aspects on the environment, and propose a contingency plan.It is necessary for new professionals to adopt independent positions, no static patterns, their integration in inter-disciplinary teams, to search for the answer to a problem that is usually not unique, offering original and innovative alternatives. This work is very useful in graduate programs in those involved are graduates of various disciplines, such as in the Specialization in Environmental Management in Agrifood Systems, where different professional interact: agronomists, lawyers, economists, environmental scientists, graduates in landscape science, biochemists, graduates in food science. Real scenarios are proposed and carried out in groups: environmental impact assessments in high-impact productions, as feedlots or agribusiness as chicken slaughterhouse. Also asLike many African countries’ economies, Zambia’s economy has continued to be predominantly agriculture based.

According to the country’s Central Statistical Office , of the 56 percent who live in the rural areas , 97.4 percent are directly engaged in agriculture for their livelihood1 . With unemployment at about 50 percent, agriculture is the only potential source of income within the informal sector employing about 85 percent of the 3.4 million people in the labour force . The sector mainly consists of smallholder farmers who make up about 52 percent of the country’s farmers and contribute about 80 percent of the nation’s staple food, maize . However, despite their aggregate contribution to the nation’s staple food supply and gross domestic product , smallholder farmers still account for over a third of the nation’s hungry and poor . Several factors have been cited for the low welfare levels among smallholder farmers including concentration on low-market value staples, low education levels, low productivity, poor health conditions, lack of market access and credit facilities, poor infrastructure and lack of productive assets . Nevertheless, evidence has shown that those who produce high-value export commodities earn relatively higher incomes than their counterparts who mainly produce cereals . For instance, although Zambia’s total agricultural production largely consists of cereals, high value agricultural exports make a significant contribution of 40 percent annually to total agricultural output . In addition,  reveal that despite the overconcentration on cereal production, high-value fresh produce accounts for about 39 percent of total household income among producing households. The sub-sector has also been characterized by a steady growth over the past two decades, mainly in response to the government’s significant support and private investment. In 2006, non-traditional sessments of carcinogenic risk of inhaling heavy metals are discussed.agricultural exports increased by about 25 percent over the previous year, recording earnings of more than USD 650 million . Zambia’s non-traditional exports have included sugar, cotton lint, horticulture, soya beans and other primary agricultural produce with textile, engineering products, cement and handcrafts being the other products . Other significant export products are fertilizers, hydrated lime, coal, tea, maize, skin leather, asbestos pipes/sheets, groundnuts, mushrooms, fresh eggs and day old chicks, paper, aluminium wires and cables, sorghum, clothing and blankets . Of the agricultural commodities, export horticulture, consisting mainly of cut flowers and fresh vegetables, earned the highest foreign exchange over the period 1990-2010 . However, unlike other agricultural exports, export horticulture has declined sharply after reaching the peak in 2006, exhibiting high volatility in both production and export volumes .  reveal that the share of export horticulture to total non-traditional exports has declined from 11.1 percent in 2003 to about 1.2 percent in 2009 representing a 64 percent  reduction in the industry’s income. This identifies the need to understand the major determinants of the industry’s growth and contribution to the nation’s export earnings. A number of studies have considered the impact of export horticulture on poverty in Africa. A national survey by  in Zambia has shown that smallholders who produce fresh produce are more likely to move out of poverty compared to their counterparts who mostly produce cereals. The study found farmers who sold horticultural products earning annual mean per capita incomes of USD 183 compared to USD 139 for non-sellers. Similarly,  in Kenya found that households involved in export horticulture were better off, particularly in rural areas.

They further contend that enabling more households to participate in the sector could reduce poverty substantially. A similar result was found by  in Senegal, who also argued that the sub-sector could cut regional poverty by 12 percent and extreme poverty by half. Furthermore, since the industry is highly labour intensive, horticulture production has been proposed as a pro-poor development strategy in many African countries . In Zambia, the sub-sector is believed to be among the government’s poverty reduction programs in agriculture that can substantially reduce poverty . According to Medina-Smith , dutch buckets system countries that have relied on outward oriented development strategies have done better over the medium and long term than inward-looking ones. For agriculture-based economies like Zambia’s, such an outward oriented development strategy implies development of traditional agricultural exports and diversification into non-traditional exports of different price elasticities . However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the drivers of export hor- ticulture and producers’ responsiveness to changes in price and non-price incentives. A better understanding of the factors affecting horticultural export performance is central in crafting informed decisions and interventions. Most studies have focused on characterizing domestic horticulture supply and value chains, and have not provided information on the important determinants of export horticulture in Zambia . According to , deficiencies in information and analysis have led to policy and market failures in developing countries. The study reported in this paper uses annual time series data from 1990 to 2010 and error correction models to identify determinants of Zambia’s flower exports. Overall, the results suggest that in addition to the determinants of production, flower exports are equally determined by policies that affect a country’s trade position. Particularly, the results imply that programs, policies and practices that promote trade are clearly required and important ingredient for both farmer export decisions and the competitiveness of the industry. In the rest of the paper, we first review export horticultural production and export trends in Section 2, followed by a discussion of the determinants of agricultural exports in Section 3. Empirical methods and data sources are presented in Section 4, followed by results and conclusions in Sections 5 and 6. Zambia has been exporting horticultural products since the early 1980s. The industry was launched by comercial farmers, who needed foreign currency to import equipment for their main activities, beef, dairy and cereal production . However, the industry only expanded rapidly in the 1990s and early 2000s due largely to an increase in the number of producers, raising export volumes of vegetables and flowers from USD 6 million in 1994 to over USD 33 million in 2001 when the sector employed about 10,000 people . This rapid growth was mainly due to the support of the European Investment Bank  through the Export Development Project  which provided long-term credit to some investors and cold storage facilities at airports that allowed producers to import the necessary but locally unavailable inputs, often under subsidized air freight charges .

At its peak in 2006, the horticulture industry employed over 12,000 people of whom more than 50 percent were women widely engaged in growing and packaging stages of the value chain . At that point the industry was generating annual earnings in excess of USD 50 million . During the same time, about 95 percent of the domestically produced fresh produce was exported to the EU, with the UK, the Netherlands and Germany, among others, as the main destinations . Small quantities were exported to South Africa, Australia and the Far East . Most of these gains have, however, been lost during the past seven years mainly due to the collapse in 2004 of the largest horticultural export company, Agriflora . The bankruptcy of Agriflora not only deprived smallholder farmers who participated under contract with the horticultural firm of reliable income, transport logistics, and technical support but also caused most of them to stop production . This development led to a reduction in the number of people that were employed at every stage in the chain from 16,000 to about 5000, causing output and exports to reduce. In addition, the industry has continued to face other challenges such as exchange rate fluctuations , high air freight costs due to high cost of aviation fuel in the country  and high operating costs that exceed levels observed in most other countries in the region .