The quantity of total lipids was significantly increased in CA1, a non-significant change was observed in CA2, while a decrease was recorded in CA3. Furthermore, a significant increase in fiber content was recorded in CA1, a decrease was found in CA3, while there was no change in the fiber content of CA2. Upward trends in total proteins, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides were noticed .The results showed an increase in GDH and GOGAT activity in the three species. The rise in GDH activity was significant in CA3, while it was non-significant in other species. Inversely, GS activity was decreased after Mo treatment and the differences were highly significant in the three species/cultivars.

Further, the impact of Mo treatmenton dihydrodipicolinate synthase and cystathionine γ- synthase activity was explored. The experiment showed that the activity of DHDPS significantly increased in CA3 and non-significantly in CA1 and CA2 . Moreover, a notable increase in the activity of CGS was measured in sprouts of CA3 . Furthermore, amino acids, i.e., asparagine, glutamine, glycine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, arginine, tyrosine, lysine, serine, alanine, proline, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and methionine, were quantified in Mo-treated Canavalia species and data were compared to untreated controls. The changes in each amino acid content due to Mo exposure are shown in Table 2. Overall, an increase in amino acid production was detected in the three species. The quantity of cystine, isoleucine, leucine, glycine, alanine, and proline was increased significantly in CA1; asparagine, glutamine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline, cystine, and lysine were enhanced in CA2; and asparagine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, methionine, cystine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan were enhanced in CA3. Variable trends were noticed among different sprouts.

The concentrations of alanine and proline were found to be improved in CA1 and CA2, while they declined in CA3. Levels of histidine, arginine, valine, threonine, and tryptophan increased in CA1 and CA3, whereas they decreased in CA2. Leucine was increased in CA1 and reduced in CA3 and CA2. All results are enumerated in Table 2. R software was used to perform principal component analysis . For this, Motreated and untreated species of Canavalia were chosen to analyze the interrelationship of amino acid content, phenolics, antioxidant activities, and antidiabetic activities. Here, the 1st principal component showed 36% of the variance, while the 2nd principal component showed 28% variance between untreated and Mo-treated Canavalia species, as shown in Figure 5. PC1 vs. PC2 showed significant differences among Mo-treated anduntreated plant species as well as between CA1 and CA3. Both PCs displayed positive correlations among most of the parameters. PC1 was highly and positively correlated with many phenols, such as rutin, caffeic acid, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, naringenin, and coumaric acid, etc., and amino acids including alanine, proline, cystine, and methionine, etc., whereas PC2 was positively related to histidine and valine. The results showed that all phenolic acids, as well as the total amount of phenols, differed with Mo treatment, whereas the treatments and species of Canavalia were well separated in the map of PCA. Moreover, the results of antioxidant activities also showed a positive correlation, assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays.

Micronutrients are crucial for plant growth and development. Their deficiency contributes to a reduction in growth and changes in photosynthesis due to variations in pigment synthesis. Increased chloroplast deformation, the over-production of antioxidant enzymes, and increased production of proteins are the most common signs of stress-related responses in plants. Mo, a micronutrient, acts as a cofactor for several enzymes, thus helping to promote plant growth and biomass , and its exposure can lead to dramatic effects on Canavalia species. In the current study, the biomass of sproutings, in both Mo-treated and untreated groups, was quantified. Our findings revealed that Mo treatment significantly increased the fresh weight of sproutings in all the studied Canavalia species/cultivars. Alam et al. also observed that Mo application proportionately enhanced the weight of nodules in hairy vetch roots . This observation might be attributed to the fact that plants require micronutrients for biosynthetic pathways and plant growth . Next, the impact of Mo on the photosynthesis process was assessed, for which pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids play an important role. Chlorophyll, which includes chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll ab, is a green pigment for photosynthesis.