This has already been put forward in , without showing any evidence, however. As expected the main effects of PBZ and GA3 were observed in shortening and elongation of seedlings stems, respectively. The body of evidences leads to the conclusion that GA deficiency caused by PBZ  resulted in a pronounced stem growth decrease and hence as stem-root system dry mass did not vary to a large extent, assimilates are directed towards the roots. Unequivocally, in the present investigation, not at all affected by both GA3 and PBZ  were mean leaf and internode number, total plant dry mass, leaf dry mass per plant, and the stem-root system dry mass per plant as a whole. Tea  is a perennial shrub, which is grown commercially in about 30 countries. The major tea exporting countries of the world are Kenya, China, India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is one of the most popular beverages in the world and is a rich source of some essential dietary metals and metal-binding polyphenols. Tea contains several minerals, trace elements, antioxidant and therefore considered good healthy beverages. The environmental temperature of 18˚C – 30˚C and soil temperature between 20˚C – 25˚C are optimal for the plant growth. High annual rain fall and air humidity are other important weather requirement for cultivation of tea crops. Tea is grown in a verity of soil type such as alluvial soils, drained peat, sedimenttary from gneiss and granite, and soils derived from volcanic ash. Its growth is favoured in acidic conditions, with pH values ranging from 4.5 to 6.0. Although it will grow in soil pH as low as 4.0, soil pH higher than 5.6 is considered unsuitable without pH adjustment of the soil.A various reports have discussed the potential health implication of metal in tea, particularly tea bushes is known to accumulate trace metals. Very recent research finding indicated the positive and negative effect of drinking tea on the health. It was pointed out that some of the beneficial effects of drinking tea are prevention of chronic and cardiovascular disease, cancer, antioxidative detoxification and removal of cadmium in administered rats. Tea contents both essential and toxic elements such as Ca, Na, K, Mg and Mn are present at mg/g level,fodder system for sale whereas elements such as Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd are present at level of few µg/L.

It is known that the source of heavy metal contamination in tea could be cause by uptake of metal from soil. The soil is contaminated by different type and amount of chemical substances added for improving the tea production. As a result, soil pollution by heavy metals becoming conspicuous. Therefore, control of tea quality and soil management has become very imperative. Tea plants  can take up metals from the soil, and inevitably, proportion will be transported to the tea leaves, which are prepared one of the most popular beverages in the world. Therefore the level of heavy metal concentration in tea leaves play a major role to assess the quality of tea due to stringent regulatory limit set by the government agencies. Thus this study is, proposed to assess the uptake level of essential and toxic metals from soil to tea leaves and infusion of the tea garden plot that are grown in Institute farm.tal farm was selected for this investigation. The general information of plot of tea garden including area, age, was summarized in Figure 1. Nine sampling spots were chosen for collection of soil, fresh tea leaves in descending order. Soil samples at depth of 20 cm and corresponding tea bush leaves samples were collected. Tea leaves samples were dried at room temperature, and rolled to prepared made tea in institute tea factory. Soil samples were dry at room temperature and then passed through a 2 mm nylon sieve. For organic matter determination the soil sample was ground more finely and passed through 0.5 mm sieve. The collected soil samples were subjected to measurement of fundamental chemical properties  and heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The pH  of soil showed acidic in nature, and it is mentioned that acidification is advanced in the tea garden soils. Soils with low pH contain high amounts of Fe and Al oxides. Lower content of organic matter may be due to less application of organic matter in the tea experimental farm. The nitrogen was the second most abundantly found in tea garden after potash and phosphorus. Fortunately, the concentration of toxic heavy metals Pb, Ni and Cd in tea leaves, made tea and its infusions were too low or not detected in this study. However, there are reports of the availability of these metals at lower levels in different blended tea leaves. Al-Qud in 2003 has reported level of Cd within a range of nil – 0.18 mg/kg. Shen et al. 2008 reported that cadmium content in the tea infusion were in the ranged of 0.005 – 0.006 mg/kg. On the other hand, level of Pb was reported within a range of 0.03 – 14.84 mg/kg. According to Lagerwerff Pb emitted in exhaust fumes of petrol combustion as minute particles of inorganic Pb compounds accounts for about 80% of the total lead in the atmosphere.

About 50% of this falls somewhere within the region of 100 m from the road, rendering Pb concentration to be higher in roadside soils and in its vegetation. Some essential elements such as Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu were studied, which play vital to humans for growth, metabolism, and hormones balancing. The Mn content in the tea infusion was reported in the ranged of 0.56 – 7.9 mg/kg after 5 min extraction time. Low level of phosphorus plays significant role in the metal uptake of Mn, Cu and Ni especially. Several studies demonstrated that plants take up metal by the phosphate pathway due to their chemical similarity. Similar trend was observed in case of manganese it increases from location U1 to L1 as phosphorus decreases. Mn was predominant heavy metal found in the fresh tea leaves followed by the Fe. Similar findings have been reported that Mn was found in highest concentration followed by Fe in fresh leaves of tea. AL-Qud 2003 suggested the ability of the tea plant to accumulate heavy metals particularly Mn, Fe and Zn, to a lesser extent Cu and reported higher levels of Mn in the tea plant within the range of 390 – 900 mg/kg. At present, the main transaction mode in China is competitor deal. Higher transaction costs and lower efficiency, insufficient market information and unjust transaction price are competitor deal’s main weakness, which restrict the development of agricultural circulation and agricultural industrialization. Compared with competitor deal mode, the auction market can result in significant savings for both sellers and buyers. Savings are made by reducing transaction costs, increasing the circle of potential customers as well as by improving the search-andfind capabilities for all members concerned. Electronic auctioning in particular is a rapidly expanding application. The additional benefit of the auction is the matching of demand and supply at the ‘best price’ at one specific point in time. The advantages, however, must be weighed up against lower switching costs for auction participants. And with these good reasons, for the vast majority of floriculture business the auction is the World Trade Center: a better way to realize an assortment of flowers with as broad a scope as possible, produced across the world, and available for market price reflecting the supply and demand in a short time. The auction provides a hugely diverse selection of trade companies with equally diverse quantities of flowers and plants. The Netherlands is the international crossroads for commercial trade in flowers and plants. As the largest producers of flowers, plants and tree nursery products, the Netherlands processes more than fifty percent of the international trade. On 1 Jan. 2008, Bloemenveiling Aalsmeer and the former FloraHolland merged into one company, under the name FloraHolland. FloraHolland is the largest and successful flower auction in the world, through which approximately 44 million cut flowers and 4.8 million houseplants and garden plants are traded daily. FloraHolland is market leader and key player in the international floriculture sector.

China is one of the biggest countries for production and sales in flowers and plants. Yunnan is the largest center of greenhouse horticulture in china and provides more than fifty percent of the domestic production for China. In Yunnan province there are approximately 16000 growers and almost 6000 wholesales companies and exporters. Kunming International Flower Auction Market  is the only normally operational flower auction market in China, through which each dayapproximately 1.2 million cut flowers are sold to domestic and international market. For KIFA, Nov. 2007 was a month full of positive developments with new operational process, inner logistics and information system of the organization, fodder growing system which resulted in transaction capacity from 300 thousands to 4000 thousands daily. The KIFA continues to invest in strengthening the markets and increasing gains in efficiencies throughout the chain of production, supply and sales. However, some researchers have concluded that the auction doesn’t suit to Chinese fresh agricultural product’s trade because of unsuccessful operation. In despite of improving on operational performance, there are still huge gaps between FloralHolland and KIFA. In this paper we compare operational goals and performance of FloraHolland with KIFA, which are two typical flower auction markets in two countries. We also analyze some reasons for those gaps between these two auction markets. Finally, some crucial factors are presented for developing Chinese flower auction market in the future. The remainder of this article is structured as follows: First we briefly review the related literature on flower auction. Section 3 compares operational goals of FloraHolland with KIFA and analyzes some reasons for these gaps. In Section 4, we compare key figures 2007 of FloraHolland with 2008 of KIFA and analyze the differences of operational performances between two auction markets. In Section 5, we give five operational strategy’s emphasis for developing Chinese flower markets. Section 6 ends with conclusions and implications for research and practice. Prior research abroad on developing flower auction typically emphasized on its function and transaction price. Heezen and Baets discussed functions of the Dutch Flower Auction on the view of organizational structure. More researches on flower auction have discussed price discovery mechanisms. A central argument of these articles was that flower auction would improve communication searches, monitoring and information-sorting capabilities, reduce transaction costs and allow purchasers to take advantage of production economics available in markets. Bakos argued that auction marketplaces could reduce the search costs that buyers must incur to acquire information about seller prices and product offerings. The lowered search costs allow buyers to look at more product offerings and make it difficult for sellers to sustain high prices. Koppius et al. compared screen auctioning and physical auction.

They reckoned that screen auctioning entailed a decrease in information about flower quality compared to the physical product representation and might be a partial explanation for reduced prices in electronic markets. A central argument of Chinese research was considering adaptability of implementing agricultural product auction method in China from the macroeconomic perspective. Zhu Xin-Kai considered that the auction method doesn’t suit to Chinese practice in terms of government malfunction, market mechanism faultiness and lower-level agency institution. Kou Ping-Jun and Lu Feng-Jun argued that it must be careful to put agricultural product auction methods in practice because of some limitations of social condition and history. Li Da-Sheng and Zhang Guang-Hui discussed some technical economic issues about agricultural product auction and characterized that auction method was the direction about reform and development of agricultural product currency systems. However, it is the fact that almost all of Chinese fresh agricultural product auction markets had bad financial position over the past years. KIFA was the same status before Nov. 2007. After then new business model, which was designed by Qin Kai-Da, Yang Bao-Jian and et al., was successfully introduced into KIFA. In this paper, however, we emphasize on how to develop Chinese flower auction markets through comparative analysis. Having operated for over a hundred years, FloraHolland has developed a mature vision and mission: In a market that is characterized by upscaling and internationalization, FlorHolland wants to maintain and increase its strong market position.