However, the present study of three human excised larynges with a larger range of applied adduction forces showed a large impact. In fact, for larynges L1 and L2, the results yielded a decrease in flow rate at equal subglottal pressure for increasing adduction level . This relationship is consistent with results presented by Alipour and colleagues, who performed experiments with excised animal larynges in a full larynx setup. The effect is caused by an increase in the glottal flow resistance computed as RB , and also RA . From an aerodynamic point of view, a high degree of adduction causes a high flow resistance and therefore a high energy transfer from the glottal flow to the vocal fold tissues. This yields a large transglottal pressure drop. As a consequence, high subglottal pressures can be generated at relatively low flow rates for L1 and L2 . Considering the limited lung volume for glottal flow generation, a high adduction level is desirable for effective and economic phonation. In contrast, the results for larynx L3 show the opposite behavior. On increasing the adduction level, the flow resistance RB tends to decrease, as shown in Fig. 4. Thus, at equal subglottal pressure, the glottal flow rate rises for larger adduction levels, as displayed in Fig. 3, which reduces the efficiency of the phonation process. Considering the glottal flow resistance RA based on Alipour et al., it also shows a slightly increasing tendency for rising adduction levels. However, as RA is defined as a derivative of the subglottal flow with respect to the flow rate, flow resistance generated by non-vibrating vocal folds in the low subglottal pressure range is not taken into account by RA. Therefore, garden pots square the authors suggest that RB might better describe the relationship between subglottal pressure and flow rate.

Although the adduction has a large impact on the flowpressure relationship, its influence on the fundamental frequency and the generated SPL is negligible and non-systematic. Similar findings for SPL were presented by Alipour et al. However, on performing a spectral analysis of the generated sound, they found an enhancement of the sound intensity of higher harmonics, especially the second harmonic. This spectral analysis was not possible with our acoustic data due to the high ambient noise level. Local parameters: Displacement and velocity values are in similar ranges to earlier ex-vivo and in-vivo canine hemilarynx studies, in-vivo human investigations, and synthetic models. The displacement ratios for L1 and L2 are up to 2.1, as seen in other studies. In contrast, for L3 , lateral components are much more pronounced. Similar to Boessenecker et al., an increase in subglottal pressure resulted in increased vocal fold velocities. In contrast to assumptions by Boessenecker et al., vocal fold adduction forces appear to influence the absolute values of vocal fold displacements and velocities, especially at high PS. For L1 and L2 the dynamical amplitudes increase, whereas for L3 the dynamic amplitudes decrease. This behavior of L3 might be related to increased tissue stiffness induced by the applied adduction forces, or just greater than normal overall stiffness of the vocal tissue in principle. For assessing mucosal wave propagation, phase delays in the range of 129 to 257 were found between the vocal fold edge and the most inferior suture l1 . Hence, the phase delays correspond to values of 16 /mm to 32 /mm. Similarly high lateral phase delays were found at 182 before. Even higher phase delays were reported for canines, see Table I in Titze et al. They computed phase delays between 24 /mm and 61 /mm where the phase delay was determined over a distance of 2 mm around the vocal fold edge in ex-vivo caninemodels. Also, for an in-vivo canine model, phase delay values between 25 /mm and 59 /mm were computed when converting their values to ours.

Additionally, phase delay values reported in our study coincide with values found for synthetic and computational multi-layer models of human vocal folds. In summary, our computed phase delay values are in the lower region of canines and match previous results for excised humans, synthetic, and computational models. However, the actual and exact positions and distances where these values were obtained were not given. EEFs: Several previous studies have shown that the primary power of the method of EEFs is derived from its data reduction capability . That is, by reducing complex vibratory motion to essential dynamics, fundamental laryngeal vibration patterns are often revealed. For example, previously the method of empirical functions demonstrated physical mechanisms for transferring energy from the glottal airflow to the vocal fold tissues, and for distinguishing aerodynamically and acoustically induced vocal fold vibrations. As displayed in Fig. 8, the trajectories of larynges L1 and L2 exhibit superposed vertical and lateral motion during vibration. Decomposing the oscillatory motion, the two largest EEFs of L1 and L2 describe a balanced vertical-lateral oscillation whose amplitudes increase with increasing adduction. This is accompanied by increased PS for equal airflow rates. Qualitatively, the characteristics of the increasing vertical-lateral motion are described by stronger prominence of the Fig. 8-shape of EEF1, defined by the Min and Max amplitude contours as also reported previously. For larynx L1, the vertical-lateral balanced vibration is a result of the superposition of EEF1 and EEF2 for all three adduction levels. An increasing adduction level for constant airflow results in increasing amplitudes in both the lateral and vertical directions, which is most pronounced in the higher range of subglottal pressure, as depicted in Fig. 6. Furthermore, the amplitude increase for L1 becomes apparent in both EEF1 and EEF2, Fig. 9. In contrast, for larynx L2, the balanced vertical-lateral motion is mainly included in EEF1 whereas EEF2 describes mainly the lateral vibratory motion. In this case, the stronger characteristic of a balanced vertical-lateral motion is generated by an energy transfer from EEF2 to EEF1 during the adduction increase. The reason for the differences in the EEFs of L1 and L2 might be the less periodic oscillation of L1, which results in a homogeneous energy distribution in EEF1 and EEF2. However, this aperiodicity in the case of L1 did not influence the efficiency of the fluid-structure interaction between the glottal flow and the vocal fold tissues because the flow-pressure relationships for L1 and L2 are systematically equivalent. In comparison with L1 and L2, EEF1 and EEF2 of larynx L3 exhibit primarily lateral vibrational components. This is most obvious when comparing the diagrams of vertical and lateral amplitudes in Fig. 6. For both of the EEFs, the amplitudes decrease at constant airflow with increasing adduction and decreasing PS, reflecting the decreasing energy transfer from the glottal flow to the vocal fold tissues. Hence the authors suggest that an effective energy transfer might be favored by a balanced vertical-lateral oscillation pattern which produces the distinctive convergent-divergent shape change in the glottal duct. Furthermore, this seems to be valid also in cases of slightly aperiodic but still balanced vertical-lateral oscillations of the vocal fold. In cases with an overemphasis of just a single direction of motion , square pots the energy transfer might be disturbed, resulting in a low effi- ciency of the fluid-structure interaction between the airflow and vocal fold tissue. As a result, the effort to sustain phonation may increase significantly.The application of topology in condensed matter physics has become widely embraced and has renewed our understanding of electronic band structures of materials. This framework enables the understanding of symmetry-protected features in reciprocal space found in topological insulators and semimetals. Combining nontrivial topology with time-reversal symmetry breaking can lead to large Berry curvatures that enable sizable macroscopic responses such as the anomalous Hall effect and the related anomalous Nernst effect with great potential applications ranging from thermoelectrics to spin-based storage. In fact, the key step to understanding the intrinsic origins of the AHE was in identifying the relationship between the AHE and the Berry curvature of the occupied electronic bands in a crystal. Antiperovskite transition-metal nitrides, especially Mn4N, have a diverse range of magnetic properties and emergent phases which make them interesting for both understanding fundamental physics and for spin-based applications.

Mn4N has a high N´eel temperature , small saturation magnetization, and high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, making it particularly appealing for thermoelectric applications based on the ANE . Mn4N is also predicted to host a wealth of realspace magnetic topological features including spin textures, hedgehog-anti-hedgehog pairs and skyrmion tubes. These non-trivial spin structures were found to be mainly stabilized by the frustration induced by the magnetic exchange interaction between fourth-nearest neighbors. More recently, measurements of the AHE and ANE were reported for Mn4N, however, they do not agree on the origin of the AHE in Mn4N, and importantly, do not address how it can be enhanced through experimentally viable routes such as strain. In particular, the microscopic origins of the AHE can either be extrinsic or intrinsic . Recent experimental work studied transport signatures of the AHE in epitaxial Mn4N films of different thickness, and concluded that the AHE has competing contributions from skew scattering, side jump, and intrinsic mechanisms. According to the conventional scaling law ρAHE ∝ ρ γ xx, where ρAHE is anomalous Hall resistivity and ρ γ xx is longitudinal resistivity, γ was found to be larger than 2 for all Mn4N films, indicating that the side jump and intrinsic mechanisms are dominant in these films. On the other hand, Isogami et al. report a dominant intrinsic contribution to AHE and ANE based on transport and ab initio calculations. Surprisingly, we are not aware of a comprehensive study of the electronic origins of the AHE and ANE from the perspective of first-principles based calculations, or nor a discussion of how these properties can be enhanced. Moreover, the range of competing, frustrated magnetic states in ferrimagnetic Mn4N motivates us to explore the range of tunability of the topological responses in this system. The antiperovskite structure of Mn4N can be viewed as Mn3MnN with Mn ions on three inequivalent cation sublattices and N taking the anion site . These three different Mn sublattices have unequal magnetic moments leading to its ferrimagnetic nature and small saturation magnetization. Neutron diffraction experiments identified two different magnetic configurations in Mn4N. In the “Type-A” structure, the spins of Mn II and Mn III are aligned parallel to each other but antiparallel to those of Mn I, whereas in the “Type-B” structure, the spins of Mn I and Mn II are aligned parallel to each other while being antiparallel to the spins of Mn III. Previous theoretical works found the Type-B to be the ground state, though both have been observed in experiment . All first-principles calculations were carried out within the framework of Density Functional Theory as implemented in Vienna Ab-Initio Software Package using the projector augmented-wave potentials.Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome , also known as Central Pontine Myelinolysis, is a serious—and often irreversible—complication of rapid correction of serum sodium. Patients with cirrhosis experience labile serum sodium levels related to portal hypertension and diuretic use, often with rapid correction—intentional or unintentional—during hospitalizations. Studies on ODS in cirrhosis have focused on patients undergoing liver transplantation. These findings may not generalize to the cirrhosis population as a whole, yet the risk of ODS for inpatients with cirrhosis outside of the context of liver transplantation is not well-characterized. Such information is critical to inform management of severe hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis, a common clinical scenario. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the prevalence and risk factors of ODS in this population.We performed a cross-sectional study to determine overall prevalence of ODS in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis not receiving liver transplants, to compare those with and without ODS, and to determine whether cirrhosis and general illness severity correlated with prevalence of ODS. We used data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample , a nationally representative dataset of a stratified sample of US community hospitals, from years 2009-2013. This study was exempt from the need for informed consent. It was approved by the University of California, San Francisco institutional review board. To develop our study sample, we selected all patients 18 years or older with any discharge diagnosis of cirrhosis using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for cirrhosis, which have been previously validated for identifying inpatients with cirrhosis with a positive predictive power of 90% and a negative predictive value of 87%, as well as validated for identifying individual signs and severity of cirrhotic decompensation.